Category: Accounting

Management Schools In Australia The Best One Can Get

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A number of universities and educational organizations in Australia are presenting students with a wide variety of management programs. These programs cover a wide range of topics and issues like management, commerce, marketing and finance. Other than these traditional areas of management studies a number of other options are being provided as well. These are basically areas of specialization like sports, media and health.

The Masters of Business Administration programs have been tailored in such a way that they would address any and every requirements of the students. These programs are pretty highly ranked from a global perspective as well. The DBA and PhD programs allow the students to go for further specialization in their areas of preference. There are some postgraduate business programs available at Australian educational institutes as well. The programs, offered by these institutes, are substitutes for GMAT. They also have the provision of Online Master of Business Administration programs. These are primarily distance education programs and are meant for management professionals, who wish to continue their education, while holding onto a job.

There are management programs, available in Australia, which focus on Information Technology. These could be looked at as alternatives to conventional management programs. The Business School GSM of the University of Western Australia is a premier educational organization of Australia, which offers business management programs. It has two separate divisions Graduate School of Management and School of Economics and Commerce. This institute focuses on areas like finance and accounting.

Management School of Australia provides a diverse range of subjects to its students. The curriculum is inclusive of established as well as emerging subjects of management. c of the Australian University is a well known educational organization, which deals in management studies. The first year at Biztech Management School covers subjects such as accounting & taxation, hospitality management, aviation management. These subjects are provided to the students so that they can develop a wide skill level. The Bachelor of Commerce program at the Biztech Management School offers the students the choice of six separate streams that specialize in areas like accounting, finance, banking and management.

New Requirements Under Ssap 10r May Cause Significant Alterations To Your Companys Deferred Tax Cal

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The NAIC approved SSAP 10R, a revised, temporary replacement of the income tax standard under SSAP 10. The revised standard is effective for year-end 2009 and year-end and interim 2010.

The NAIC revised this standard in order to be more in line with the Statutory Statement of Concepts of conservatism and transparency. The revisions are considered a change in accounting principle and will be accounted for as a cumulative effect adjustment to unassigned surplus as of December 31, 2009. If applicable and elected by company, these changes will require significant alterations to the companys deferred tax calculation under statutory accounting.

The main differences as a result of SSAP 10R are the concept of GAAP valuation allowance, reversal and carryback periods, increase in surplus limitation and additional disclosures.

GAAP Valuation Allowance Concept –
The addition of the valuation allowance concept applies to all companies. As under FAS 109 for GAAP reporting, the Company must consider if their gross deferred tax assets (DTA) will more likely than not (greater than 50 percent chance) be able to be realized. This concept must now be applied under statutory prior to the admissibility calculations.

Admissibility Changes

The most significant changes under SSAP 10R in admissibility are the following:
Eligibility If the company is subject to Risk Based Capital (RBC) requirements or files a RBC report then they may be allowed additional admitted DTA if their RBC level is above the following thresholds laid out in the new paragraph 10.d:

1.The risk based capital trend test (if subject to risk-based capital trend test); or
2.If not subject to risk-based capital trend test, the maximum risk-based capital level where an action level could occur as a result of a trend test (i.e. 250% for life/fraternal and 300% for P&C/health).

Reversal/Carryback Periods If the company is subject to RBC and meets one of the above thresholds, they may elect to follow paragraph 10.e to calculate additional admitted DTA. The calculation under 10.e starts with the net DTA from original SSAP 10 less any valuation allowance. The reversal periods now correspond with the IRS tax loss carryback provisions, not to exceed three years, based on the tax character of the temporary difference. For example, life companies are allowed to carryback tax losses three years so a life company would follow a three year reversal under paragraph 10.e.i (increased from the current one year reversal). Whereas a non-life company would follow a two year reversal. Capital tax items would use a three year reversal period since that is consistent with the capital loss carryback provisions. For purposes of the realization calculation and the with and without test, a three year period would apply regardless of character of temporary differences but can still only apply as the law allows (i.e. capital loss cannot offset non-capital income).

Surplus Limitation Increased The DTA admitted under 10.e.ii is limited to 15% of adjusted statutory capital and surplus, an increase from 10% under 10.b.ii.

Disclosure
SSAP 10R also requires several additional disclosures for all companies, regardless of whether the additional DTA admissibility applies.
The following are some of the additional disclosures required:
DTA must now be broken out by gross, adjusted gross, admitted and non-admitted;
DTA and DTL shown by tax character;
Statement as to if the company has elected to admit DTAs under 10.e;
Increased amount and change in amount of admitted adjusted DTA as a result of 10.e, by tax character;
Amount of admitted DTA, by tax character, calculated under each 10.a, 10.b.i, 10.b.ii, 10.c, 10.e.ii.a, 10.e.ii.b and 10.e.iii and the risk-based capital level used to determine if the company meet the required threshold; and
Amount of admitted DTA, admitted assets, statutory surplus and total adjusted capital used in the RBC calculation resulting from the calculation under 10.a, 10.b and 10.c and the increased amount of DTA, admitted assets, and surplus resulting from use of 10.e, if any.

E-Accounting Problems & Propects

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E-Accounting: Problems and Prospects

Shraddha Verma Assistant Professor G.C.R.G Memorial Trust Group of Institutions Lucknow

Abstract

E-Accounting refers to Electronic Accounting, a term used to describe an accounting system that relies on computer technology for capturing and processing financial data in organizations. The manual accounting systems consisted of paper ledgers, typewriters and calculators. Typewriters were used to type invoices and cheques, and all calculations were performed using calculators. Now E-Accounting or Online Accounting is new development in field of accounting which can save the cost associated in accounting, it minimizes the paper work, Thus, source documents and accounting records exist in digital form instead of on paper in an electronic accounting system. with the help of various management applications like ERP,CRM ,project management e-accounting can be done. In E-Accounting the accountant and employer both feel satisfaction because , this is cheap and without software defaults or failure . Your accounts saves in online server or database , so there is no need to record manually, it does not require any software installation. A survey will be conducted among accounting agencies in order to provide evidence for the hypotheses. E-accounting problems & prospects research paper able to find out some of the basic problems, and prospects in e-accounting in the field of accounting and the research is exploratory in nature. This paper is based on a limited initial review of the literature and provides a brief summary of the theoretical part of the study. It should be regarded as a research proposal of an ongoing research project and as such it may develop and change in the process.

keywords: E-Accounting,Accounts payable, Book-keeping, accouts receiveables.

Introduction

E-Accounting is new development in field of accounting. It means all your transactions will record in online server or data base. E-accounting involves performing regular accounting functions, accounting research and the accounting training and education through various computer based /internet based accounting tools such as: digital tool kits, various internet resources, international web-based materials, institute and company databases which are internet based, web links, internet based accounting software and electronic financial spreadsheet tools to provide efficient decision making. The terms E-Accounting and financial information system are used to refer to any accounting system that depends on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for performing its information system functions. An E-accounting system could be thought of as an inter-organisational system because of its capability to electronically integrate a set of firms. In many operational applications the accounting entries can be generated as a by-product of the underlying transactions. A computerized accounting system is able to handle financial data efficiently, but the true value of an accounting system was that it was able to generate immediate reports regarding the company.

E-accounting involves performing regular accounting functions, accounting research and the accounting training and education through various computer based /internet based accounting tools such as digital tool kits, various internet resources, international web-based materials, institute and company databases which are internet based, web links, internet based accounting software and electronic financial spreadsheet tools to provide efficient decision making. Online accounting through a web application is typically based on a simple monthly charge and zero-administration approach to help businesses concentrate on core activities and avoid the hidden costs associated with traditional accounting software such as installation, upgrades, exchanging data files, backup and disaster recovery. E-accounting does not have a standard definition but merely refers to the changes in accounting due to computing and networking technologies Uses Accounts payable- is a file or account sub-ledger that records amounts that a person or company owes to suppliers, but has not paid yet (a form of debt), sometimes referred as trade payables. When an invoice is received, it is added to the file, and then removed when it is paid. Thus, the A/P is a form of credit that suppliers offer to their customers by allowing them to pay for a product or service after it has already been received. Accounts receivable- also known as Debtors, is money owed to a business by its clients (customers) and shown on its Balance Sheet as an asset. It is one of a series of accounting transactions dealing with the billing of a customer for goods and services that the customer has ordered. Bookkeeping- On a company’s balance sheet, accounts receivable is the money owed to that company by entities outside of the company. The receivables owed by the company’s customers are called trade receivables. Account receivables are classified as current assets assuming that they are due within one year. To record a journal entry for a sale on account, one must debit a receivable and credit a revenue account. When the customer pays off their accounts, one debits cash and credits the receivable in the journal entry. The ending balance on the trial balance sheet for accounts receivable is usually a debit. Business organizations which have become too large to perform such tasks by hand (or small ones that could but prefer not to do them by hand) will generally use accounting software on a computer to perform this task. Online Bookkeeping Process Understanding The Need V Pilot Project V Client Satisfaction V Agreements V Necessary Training V Actual Outsourcing V Implementation V Quality Check V Final Output

PRONTO-Xi Financials is a complete financial management software tool that allows you to automate many of your financial processes, establish greater security around those processes, manage cash flow better and gain enhanced insights into your operations. The functionality can be scaled up or down to suit your individual business needs making it suitable for businesses of any size. Integrate your financial management tasks to drive efficiency throughout your operations Focus on the data output rather than collecting the data in the first place Make better business decisions with accurate data captured and delivered to you in a timely fashion via robust business processes Complete set of financial tools including General Ledger, Accounts Payable, Accounts Receivable, Fixed Assets and Payroll

key functionality & benefits

Period End close – produce accurate quarterly and annual financial statements for individual business units or your entire business that comply with regulatory, organisational and stakeholder requirements. Corporate Risk and Governance Compliance – develop structures and business processes to comply with organisational and recognised compliance standards. Integrate your financial supply chain – strengthen every aspect of your financial supply chain with integrated, robust processes, including establishing electronic purchase request and authorisation limits. Streamline payments and invoices – improve your Accounts Payable and Accounts Receivable management and drive payment efficiencies. Multi-company consolidations – consolidate any number of companies quickly and easily. Cash flow management – track, identify and manage your cash flow, liquidity and your exposed financial risk quickly and easily via integrated, automated processes. Monitor financial performance – report on key financial metrics and develop an accurate understanding of your true financial position at any point in time.

Company’s all accounting project can easily outsourced by E-Accounting system:

A.P.O. A.P.O means accounting process outsourced APO is the new and developed form of BPO according to research report APO is growing very fast. This industry has jumped 60% annual growing rate. This industry has reached up to 60 cr. Of Rs.

Pay pal Payment system is popularizing in Online Accounting Some of Indian professional accountant gives the accounting services to USA customers under A.P.O. Now they can easily get their service amount from paypal way . Paypal gives you the facility of withdrawing your service fee with following ways:

a) If you want to deposit your service amount in your bank account in India for more than RS. 7000 you can easily transfer without any cost of transferring , if upto RS. 6999.99 you want to transfer in your account you will charge Rs. 50 b) You can get the cheque by giving request in the website under your paypal account c) You can also withdraw funds to your card also.

Willis and ACE Achieve e-Accounting First in London Insurance Market The London-based operations of ACE, a leading insurance company, and Willis Limited, the UK insurance broker, announced the successful launch of a full electronic accounting process between the two companies -a London Market Group (LMG) Non Bureau project first. E-Accounting is a data-based process for facilitating financial agreement and subsequent settlement of premiums and claims with insurance carriers, and replaces paper in the accounting and settlement process. E-Accounting substantially improves the quality, integrity and certainty of process, allowing Willis and carriers to synchronise their operations and improve client service. Implementation benefits include: prompt advice of premium and claims due, enabling simpler reconciliation improved settlement cycle resulting in speedier premium and claim settlement the secure exchange of critical closing and settlement information reduction in queries and early query resolution Graham Card, Executive Director and Business Lead for Willis’ e-Accounting roll-out, said: -London Market modernisation has long advocated the elimination of paper from the process and the introduction of electronic accounting. This is a major reform that will show benefits for both parties in the future.- -ACE are continually looking at ways to improve service to clients, making payment of premium easier and payment of claims faster. e-Accounting and closer collaboration with our clients will enable ACE to achieve this. -This project with Willis has been a great success with a real sense of partnership, and ACE is looking forward to working with Willis to expand the use of e-Accounting capabilities further with our clients and the wider market through the LMG sponsored Non Bureau project.- Willis and XL Implement e-Accounting London, UK, September 26, 2011 -The London-based operations of XL Group plc, a leading global insurer, and Willis Limited, the principal UK broking company of global insurance broker Willis Group Holdings plc (NYSE:WSH), announced the successful launch of a full electronic accounting process between the two companies. Through better synchronisation between brokers and carriers, the online system markedly improves client service by enhancing the quality, transparency and integrity of the accounting and settlement process. Willis Group Holdings plc (NYSE:WSH), announced the successful launch of a full electronic accounting process between the two companies. Through better synchronisation between brokers and carriers, the online system markedly improves client service by enhancing the quality, transparency and integrity of the accounting and settlement process.

However, with the introduction of PC-based Accounting Systems, both the computer hardware and the accounting software have become cheaper, creating an opportunity for organisation to adopt e-accounting. Nevertheless, there are several factors that determine whether an organization adopts e-accounting or not. Studying the factors that influence computer adoption, internet adoption and accounting software adoption

Relationships between company size and Internet Adoption

Company size Internet (No of employees) connected 50-99 41 % 10-49 30 % 1-9 16 % Objective

The objective of this research is first to describe the present state of the art of e-accounting in organisation bookkeeping agencies in U.P region(mainly lucknow) as well as identify managers’ intentions towards adoption of e-accounting ;what are the problems they are facing with the adoption of E-Accounting and the future prospects of E-Accounting system second to empirically study factors that influence the adoption of e-accounting, and third to study the problems that e-accounting may have in general and more specifically on the accounting procedures and practice in small and organisations bookkeeping agencies that have adopted an e-accounting system.

Research Methodology

The data for this research was collected by means of a questionnaire. Questions are both open ended and closed ended. The study was, for practical reasons, the research is done in the UP region (mainly lucknow) . Besides, demographic data including gender, age, position in organization, accounting background, professional qualification, experience in current system, level of understanding and knowledge related to the system, were measured by different scales. Finally a data of total of 90 persons were collected generating a positive response rate of approximately 35%. I have identified 12 questions that most effectively measure the no. of persons acquiring e-accounting in their organisation:

Q1. What kind of firm do you have?

Q2. How many no. of accounting staff do you have?

Q3. Does your firm use computers in operations?

Q4. Does your firm make use of accounting software in operations?

Q5. What kind of accounting software’s are used?

Q6. What are the aim of implementing E-Accounting?

Q7. What problems are faced by the firm while implementing E-Accounting?

Q8. What ways do you suggest for improving the system for easily access to E-Accounting?

On the basis of the data collected from both medium & small firms we found that only 35% of the firm out of hundred is successful in implementing E-Accounting. The firms like ACE & Willis a leading insurance company, and Willis Limited, the UK insurance broker, announced the successful launch of a full electronic accounting process and for the positive respondents the goal of implementing e-accounting are timely information management, large storage capacity, reduction of clerical work, cost effectiveness. Whereas for the left percentage 38.8% face problems like lack of constant supply of electricity, frequent breakdown of the system, inability to import/export data, inability of the system to support large volume of data or all of the former problems in implementing E-Accounting.

Findings and Suggestions

To further investigate the actual benefits of e-accounting, empirical studies of some ten small and medium-sized accounting agencies will be undertaken. These companies will be selected among the adopters group and chosen with the help of reference lists from software application providers and from information gathered in previous studies. The main data collection method will be face-to-face, structured interviews with managers of these organisations or, when necessary, telephone interviews. All interviews are planned to be tape recorded. The firms are facing problems in — Data security – All your data resides on a remote server: however, a back up can be taken regularly. Speed – Most of the currently available online office suites require a high broadband Internet connection. Lack some features available on the offline office suites: but this is progressively becoming available (MS LIVE, Google online-Suite, Think free, Zoho Office, Internet Office .Biz and e-Desk Online) A network connection (usually Internet access) is required to send and receive changes. That is, internet dependence makes it more difficult to work offline and also most of the firms don’t want to invest in purchasing accounting software. The results also indicate that interpersonal communication channels, such as training sessions and consulting, are considered as the most useful ways to achieve knowledge of new e-accounting innovations. Internet is also considered as a useful means of providing information. The use of accounting software makes the task easier and also saves the valuable time.

Conclusion

The study provides strong evidence that the use of E-Accounting has contributed to the effectiveness of tasks as expected. The study shows that the use of E-Accounting may improve the effectiveness of accounting and reporting tasks, budgeting, controlling and auditing which may reflect on the organizational effectiveness as well. An improved quality in the system may provide better support for the tasks performed by the system. This study finds that the most significant impacts of E-Accounting are on accounting and reporting and budgeting task performance respectively.Future studies could place more focus on the inter-organizational factors affecting the adoption rate. Moreover, future research could focus on the attitudes and resources of the business partners of accounting agencies. The contribution of this study will be twofold. First, the contribution of this study lies in the empirical analysis of the determinants of e-accounting adoption. The results of the study may give some evidence on the managers’ intentions of small and medium-sized accounting agencies towards e-accounting and thus predict future use of e-accounting systems. Second, this study aims at providing some understandings of the actual benefits of the use of e-accounting systems.

References

OECD, 1998. SMEs and Electronic Commerce. Working Party on SMEs to the OECD Ministerial Conference on Electronic Commerce. October 1998, Ottawa. http://www.oecd.org/dsti/sti/it/ec/prod/sme18e.pdf (October 7, 1999).

Amidu, M. and Abor, J. (2005), Accounting Information and Management of SMEs in Ghana, The African Journal of Finance and Management, 14(1), pp. 15 – 23.

Doost, R. K, (1999), Computers and Accounting: Where Do We go from Here? Managerial Auditing Journal, 14(9), pp. 487 – 488.

Accounting Act (AA, Kirjanpitolaki ) 1336/30.12.1997

Hall, J. (2007). Accounting information systems. Quebec, Canada: Thomson Higher Education.

http://www.experiment-resources.com/empirical-research.html#ixzz1d0dAXLDg

www.acegroup.com/uk

http://www.experiment-resources.com/research-paper-outline.html#ixzz1cjx5E1mq

Top Accounting Tips for Businesses This Tax Season

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Tax season is here and it’s important that you and your business are prepared well before the deadlines. We wrangled the Accounting Troops and asked our small business accountants that they provide us with some useful tax filing tips to ensure you get the best return possible.

General Tips: – Always itemize your deductions if you exceed the standard deduction threshold. – Review the tax documents you gave to your tax preparer last year to ensure nothing is missing from your current year documents. – Inform your tax preparer of major changes from last year that may affect your tax return. Changes include moving, new dependent, marriage/divorce, new job etc.

Refund/Balance Due Advice: – Always remember to e-file and setup direct deposit for a quicker refund. – File early for a quicker refund. – Use Direct Withdrawal if you owe taxes. You can file your return at any time and the funds will not be withdrawn until April 15th.

Penalties: – Always file on time regardless of your ability to pay tax liabilities. This will avoid the automatic failure-to-file penalty. – Be sure to determine your estimated taxes that are due for the current year in order to avoid estimated tax penalties.

Retirement: – Contribute the maximum amount on your 401k to reduce your tax liability. – Make contributions to a regular or Roth IRA by April 15th. The upper limit to put in is $5,000 ($6,000 if you are 50 or older), and you must have earned income at least equal to the contribution. Regular IRA contributions are usually tax-deductible, but withdrawals are taxable. Roth account contributions aren’t deductible, while withdrawals are usually tax-free. Income and other limits apply for both. Taxpayers stymied by the limits can do a -backdoor- Roth IRA: put up to $5,000 ($6,000, 50 or older) in a -nondeductible- regular IRA, and then convert it to a Roth account soon after. Income taxes are due on the conversion, but they will be minimal because the account won’t have earned much. – Filing an extension also provides self-employed taxpayers an extra six-months (until October 15th) to fund a SEP-IRA or SIMPLE IRA.

Medical: – Medical deductions need to exceed 7.5% of your adjusted gross income to be deductible on Schedule A (if you qualify). – Contribute to health savings accounts. You may deduct up to $6,250 per family ($3,100 single) for a health savings account if you had an approved -high-deductible- health plan linked to the health-savings account. The contributions may be made until April 15th.

Real Estate: – Remember to deduct your personal real estate taxes and mortgage interest on Schedule A. – If you refinanced your mortgage, be sure to properly deduct the points paid if any. – Points paid when you refinance may be able to be amortized and deducted over the life of the loan.

Charitable Gifts: – Employees who donate to charities via payroll deduction often forget to include the donations on their personal tax returns. The number isn’t on the W-2 form, and often there is no letter from the charity. – Donors may not deduct their labor or time, but they may deduct mileage or uniforms. For 2012 the allowance is 14 cents a mile. Board members or certain others may also deduct unreimbursed expenses for attending a conference.

Important Dates: – Feb 28th: File information returns, including Forms 1098, 1099, W-2G and form W-3 with Copy A for payments made during 2012. – March 15th: S Corporation tax returns and tax payments are due. – Remember April 15th is when Individual and Partnership tax returns and tax payments are due. Only tax returns can receive a six-month extension, not tax payments.

If you have any other tax related questions, we at Presti and Naegele are at your disposal.

About the author: Here at Presti and Naegele we offer tax services for both businesses and individuals. Investing in tax preparation services and income tax services in this period of the year can become profitable for both companies and individual taxpayers. If you have any tax accounting related questions, our staff is available on phone or via email (www.prestinaegele.com/contact) and if you decide to visit us in person, you are welcomed in our offices in Manhattan, Long Island and Philadelphia.

What Can You Do With a Degree in Accounting

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There are a variety of interesting jobs in the field of accounting and finance. You are not limited to only working as an accountant at an accounting firm or for a big financial corporation. All kinds of businesses and government entities need accounting professionals, and many of these organizations are exciting and fulfilling places to work.

Degrees in accounting can open up a variety of careers to you starting with entry-level jobs as assistants to accountants, as bookkeepers for small businesses, and as tax professionals for individuals. If you seek a degree beyond an Associate’s degree or a Bachelor’s degree, including certificates and Master’s degrees, it may qualify you to gain accounting certifications such as a Certified Public Accountant, allowing you to work as an accountant and use the CPA designation.on.

Exciting Fields of Practice

With the CPA designation you can seek careers in any number of other industries. One of the newest fields is Forensic Accounting, which requires a special degree and experience as an accountant. Forensic Accountants are usually hired by investigative organizations such as the FBI, and this can be an exciting and rewarding career choice for the accountant interested in a challenge.

Another area where accountants are needed is in the film industry. While these jobs are not always steady, due to the nature of the film industry, they do pay well. Filmmakers and producers need accountants who have knowledge of and experience with the various laws and regulations specific to the film industry, as well as those with an understanding of payroll and expense accounting. The music industry also is need of accountants, and pays fairly well for those with knowledge of the accounting issues specific to the entertainment industry. For the individual with the commitment to learn, there are entry-level jobs available in both of these industries which can lead to successful and well-paying careers.

Educational Opportunities

Finally, with a Master’s degree in Accounting, you qualify to be a teacher of accounting at both the community college and university level. Jobs as professors at business schools pay well, and are usually compatible with maintaining a private practice as an accountant or accounting consultant. This career path requires the individual to be an expert in their field, having professional experience and CPA certification, but can lead to a number of interesting opportunities. As a professor of Accounting and an expert in your field, you are able to be an expert witness and a consultant to lawyers, which usually pays very well, and you are also able to author books related to accounting and finance.

Accounting can be an exciting career choice. An accounting degree in college can start you on a path towards a lucrative and fulfilling career in a variety of interesting industries.

The value of accounting certifications is well explained in this article. Getting an accounting degree in college today is the best choice that one can make.

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